Ring Determinism and Science about a Person and His Knowledge

                                                                                                                       Ravil Kalmykov

Till now the situation with interpreting human knowledge in materialism was completely monstrous. A person here in any measure was not considered as the subject of autonomous existence, vital activity and conduct. However it was permitted to him in some waning kind (a classical example is the concept of "reflectance" in dialectical materialism) to be a subject of knowledge. Now, within the framework of the enlarged explanation of determinism, a person as something purely autonomous has the full right to contrast to the surrounding world in the most different aspects, including the capacity of learning subject.

The fact of availability of a separate subject of knowledge of a causative autonomy from the remaining world at once puts the situation of knowledge in order: we are obliged to recognize now, that this subject has a full right to have a special cognitive basis, a position, a tradition, a special attitude to the subject of knowledge and its specific view, which is not always adequate to the objective properties of cognizable things. And even the right for a mistake, error, imagination! The huge layer, which has been developed till now only by subjectivists, is uncovered. Now the subjective factor should potently declare itself in the materialistic theory of knowledge, as completely real category having a strict causative basis.

In order to function in this world successfully, a person is obliged to something better, than a trial and error method. The aim for a self-preservation and optimal development induces him to have, as a reference point, a certain algorithm of successful action as a support. For the lowest animal, existing for a long time in stabilised natural niches, this algorithm is incorporated in an instinct. For the higher animal and especially for a man living in permanently changed conditions, it is necessary to create this algorithm by himself. Creation of this algorithm is impossible without the designing a model of this world, clear, convenient for use and enough objective. The model is the necessary environment on which bosom the algorithm deploys. They are inseparably related. Optimisation of the algorithm implies the perfecting a model. All the process of human knowledge implies the creation and remodeling, optimisation of this algorithm and this model.

A living organism can be considered in two ways: as a unified unit, a complex of self-contained causative rings and as the soft union, symbiosis of these rings, each of which plays specific rather autonomous role in its existence and operation. If to choose the second version and to emphasize a relative causative autonomy of each separate system, it is possible to get on a more subtle level of the research of motivation of vital activity and conduct of an organism.

In particular, if we take into consideration the fact of a relative autonomy of an alliance of nervous and humoral systems of an organism, if we see in the basis of it a tandem of the conforming causative rings, it will be possible to speak with certainty about such factors, as psychics (mentality) or a soul.  If we concentrate on the rather autonomous causative status and operation of a known plot of a cerebral cortex, it would be allowable to speak about the factor of consciousness. The admission of a relative autonomy of these factors gives the materialists a chance of conciliation with dualists. Besides, the detection of the material factor, which is the bearer of consciousness, schedules a clear route to the solution of the so called «mind-body problem».

The availability in a nature of two ontologically (causally) equitable platforms for description of the processes occuring in consciousness – from within a causative ring of consciousness and outside, from the world around – allows us to speak about the legalized two-fold character of the description of the same natural the phenomena. Henceforward the equal rights to life have two mutually complementary views on one subject; they are something like a known complementarity principle in present physics of a microcosmos. Each view has its own methodological platform, the apparatus of perception, recital and interpreting, and its own specific motivation. Together they ensure us a completeness of perception of the given subject. Without any of them the notion about a subject will be incomplete.

If to approach it more strictly, it would be impossible to limit the consideration by only the «mind-body problem». It is necessary to take into account the presence in the system of psychics of a person of several subsystems and the causative rings and relatively independent factors, corresponding to them. In addition to consciousness here the strong-willed beginning, a sphere of desires and inclinations, a sphere of emotions, senses and affects are submitted. Thus, if we want to receive a really full submission about any subject, it is necessary to execute a synthesis of the several private submissions conforming to all these spheres.

For example, we want to buy a definite thing in shop. The "sanction" for a purchase thus, suppose, give the sphere of desires (the thing is necessary in the housekeeping) and a sensual sphere (good appearance, beautiful design, an anticipation of pleasure from use). However the consciousness is against: the goods the expensive. The final decision depends on a ratio of force of different motives.

The Confrontation in a nature of the person several relatively independent factors makes us carry out the work on the conforming cleavage and a deepening of a lot of submissions and categories in philosophy and sciences about a person.